Virus discovered in dolphins, whales across the Pacific could be fatal

Researchers at the University of Hawaiʻi Health and Stranding Lab discoverd a novel virus that is potentially fatal to whales and dolphins.

Prior to its discovery in 10 whale and dolphin host species across the Pacific, the virus was found in only a single marine mammal worldwide, a Longman’s beaked whale stranded on Maui in 2010.

The findings were published in Frontiers in Marine Science.

The discovery of beaked whale circovirus (BWCV) in whales and dolphins expands the knowledge of marine mammal species that can become infected with the disease. Circoviruses are DNA viruses that cause disease in birds, pigs and dogs, and in severe cases can become fatal.

“Our study found Cuvier’s beaked whales tested positive for BWCV in Saipan and American Samoa, nearly 4,000 miles away from the first discovered case,” said Kristi West, director of the UH Health and Stranding Lab. “The positive cases found outside of Hawaiʻi were surprising, and indicates that this virus has spread across the Central and Western Pacific and may have a global presence in marine mammals.”

Researchers tested whales and dolphins from multiple regions in the Pacific. The majority of animals that tested positive for the disease were from the Hawaiian Islands. 

“We were surprised to find just how many different species and how many animals overall were infected with BWCV, with 50% of the animals testing positive for this virus,” said Cody Clifton, a PhD student in the College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources who works at the UH Health and Stranding Lab. “Our research approach targeted animals for testing that we knew exhibited signs of sickness, but such a high rate of detection was unexpected.” 

The study found that circovirus has been present in the Pacific for at least the past 22 years. Researchers tested animals from the UH Health and Stranding Lab sample archive, which includes samples from animals that date to 1997.

Among those cases, researchers found BWCV present in a dwarf sperm whale that had stranded on Oʻahu in 2000, showing that this virus has been present among Hawaiian whales and dolphins since then.

Currently, it is unknown what kind of impact BWCV may have on infected hosts. The initial case of the virus was in a fatally ill whale but this animal was co-infected with other pathogens. More work is needed to understand if this virus has measurable effects on the health of dolphins and whales.

“We need to understand the causes of mortality and the threats that Hawaiʻi’s dolphins and whales face to better protect these species,” West said. “Many of Hawaiʻi’s dolphins and whales are residents of small island-associated populations where a disease outbreak that causes severe illness and mortality can have devastating effects.”

Marine mammals are culturally significant to the people of Hawaiʻi and are recognized sentinels of ocean health. An understanding of the threats faced by protected species such as dolphins and whales is critical for effective conservation and management. 

Researchers rely entirely on public reporting of marine mammals that are distressed or deceased, which is vital to understanding causes of mortality and identifying and evaluating threats to protected species in Hawaiʻi and the Pacific. The public is encouraged to report distressed, injured and dead marine mammals to the NOAA hotline 1-888-256-9840.

This research was funded by the Naval Sea Systems Command and the National Marine Fisheries John H. Prescott Marine Mammal Rescue Assistance Grant Program.